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List of European medieval musical instruments

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This is a list of medieval musical instruments used in European music during the Medieval period.

Part of a series on
Medieval music
Overview
Movements and schools
Major figures
Major forms

Percussion

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Names and variations Description Ethnic connections, regions Pictures Pictures
Adufe[1] A frame drum brought to Iberia by Muslims and played mainly by women.[2] Used in the charamba in Portugal, a circle dance for couples.[2]

The adufe is a square or rectangular frame drum usually made of pine, over which is mounted a goat's skin. The size of the frame usually ranges from 12 to 22 inches on each side, and 1 to 2 inches thick. The skin is stitched on the sides, with the stitches covered by a coloured ribbon. In the interior small seeds or small stones are placed to make pleasing sounds.

Iberia

Porugul

Spain

1240s A.D., France. An adulf (square held over the group's head)
Bumbulum (legendary)
Clappers

cliquettes

Clappers from the Carolingian Empire appear to have been disks or possibly chimes attached to sticks. Other versions were blocks of wood held in the palms. The palm-held blocks could make clicking and rattle noises like castanets. Other similar instruments worldwide include the Thai/Cambodian krap sepha, Indian/Nepali khartal, Uzbek/Tajik qairaq, or North African krakebs.
795 A.D., France or Germany. Carved ivory bookcover, showing man playing clappers, from the Dagulf psalter
Circa 850 A.D. Musicians in the Utrecht Psalter holding a lyre and clappers.
Circa 1250 A.D. Crusader Bible (MS M.638, fol. 39r) cropped for cliquettes. Also a bell and a clarinet.
1280 A.D. Cliquettes or clappers (in the woman's hands) from the Musician's Codex, Cantigas de Santa Maria.
Cymbals
970 A.C. Cymbals in the Valcavado Beaus, Spain
Cymbals in the Golden Haggadah, circa 1320
*Frame drum
Jew's harp[3]
Nakers
Troubadors playing nakers and vielle, from the Olomouc Bible, folio 276R
Pandeiro[4]
Tabor

Pipe and tabor

Pipe and tabor
Tof

Timbrel[5]

Tambourine

Tof was the Hebrew instrument which Miriam played, "most commonly translated" into English as timbrel[6] Near eastern origin, used by Gauls, Greeks, Romans (tympanum), Egyptians, Assyrians. [7] Jingles were probably originally separate from this instrument.[7] Also related to Daff.[7]
1300-1325 Belgium/Netherlands. Angel with tambourine in Maastricht Book of Hours, folio 129R
1320 A.D., Barcelona, from the Golden Haggadah; Miriam was known for playing the timbrel
Triangle
Musician plays triangle in Olomouc Bible, folio 276R

String instruments

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Fiddle and harp, 11th century Europe
Fiddle, Theodore Psalter, 11th century A.D., Byzantium
Fiddle from Theodore Psalter, folio 191R, 11th century A.D., Byzantine Empire
Harp from Theodore Psalter, 11th century A.D., Byzantine Empire
Harp from Theodore Psalter, 11th century A.D., Byzantine Empire
Artist's rendering of a medieval harp

Wind instruments

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References

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  1. ^ Gutwirth, Eleazar (1998). "Music, Identity and the Inquisition in Fifteenth-Century Spain". Early Music History. 17: 161–181. ISSN 0261-1279.
  2. ^ a b Schechter, John M. (1984). "Adulfe". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 1. p. 25.
  3. ^ The Jew's harp : a comprehensive anthology. Leonard Fox. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-8387-5116-4. OCLC 16356799.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  4. ^ Mauricio Molina (2006). Frame Drums in the Medieval Iberian Peninsula. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-542-85095-0. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  5. ^ "TIMBREL - JewishEncyclopedia.com". Jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  6. ^ Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Timbrel". The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 3. p. 585.
  7. ^ a b c Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1984). "Tambourine". The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Vol. 3. p. 511.
  8. ^ [1] [dead link]
  9. ^ a b Baker, Paul. "The Gittern and Citole". Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  10. ^ Galpin, Francis William (1911). Old English Instruments of Music. Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company. pp. 21–22.
  11. ^ "A Panoply of Instruments for Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque Music". Music Educators Journal. 65 (9): 38–69. 1979. doi:10.2307/3395616. ISSN 0027-4321.
  12. ^ Spohnheimer. "The Rebec". Music.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  13. ^ "About the Viol". Archived from the original on 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2014-12-08.
  14. ^ Jones, G. Fenwick (1949). "Wittenwiler's "Becki" and the Medieval Bagpipe". The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 48 (2): 209–228. ISSN 0363-6941.
  15. ^ Spohnheimer. "The Sacbut". Music.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  16. ^ Spohnheimer. "The Renaissance Shawm". Music.iastate.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-05-25. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
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